Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition) ›› 2022, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (5): 354-365.doi: 10.16088/j.issn.1001-6600.2021111201
Previous Articles Next Articles
LU Meijing1,2, FAN Penglai1,2, SUN Tao1,2*, ZHOU Qihai1,2*
CLC Number:
[1]CAPITANIO J P, EMBORG M E. Contributions of non-human primates to neuroscience research[J]. The Lancet, 2008, 371(9618): 1126-1135. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60489-4. [2]黄涛, 张海涛, 李志雄, 等. 非人灵长类动物在病毒感染模型中的研究进展[J]. 中国实验动物学报, 2021, 29(2): 248-255. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-4847.2021.02.016. [3]VEITCH J S M, BOWMAN J, MASRTOMONACO G, et al. Corticosterone response by Peromyscus mice to parasites, reproductive season, and age[J]. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 2021, 300: 113640. DOI:10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113640. [4]ALBANI A, DE LIBERATO C, WAHID I, et al. Preliminary assessment of gastrointestinal parasites in two wild groups of endangered moor macaques (Macaca maura) from Sulawesi[J]. International Journal of Primatology, 2019, 40(6): 671-686. DOI:10.1007/s10764-019-00114-w. [5]LALREMRUATI P, SOLANKI G S. Prevalence and seasonal variation of gastrointestinal parasites among captive Northern Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca leonina (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae)[J]. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 2020, 12(3): 15370-15374. DOI:10.11609/jott.5050.12.3.15370-15374. [6]HOUMSOU R S, BUBA U, AMUTA E U, et al. Gastrointestinal parasites of non-human primates and the zoonotic implications in Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria[J]. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2019, 17(2): 11-19. DOI:10.4314/sokjvs.v17i2.2. [7]PATRA G, LALREMRUATI P, GHOSH S, et al. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in captive non-human primates of zoological gardens in North-Eastern region of India[J]. Biological Rhythm Research, 2020, 51(5): 690-698. DOI:10.1080/09291016.2018.1557854. [8]LI M, ZHAO B, LI B, et al. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in captive non-human primates of twenty-four zoological gardens in China[J]. Journal of Medical Primatology, 2015, 44(3): 168-173. DOI:10.1111/jmp.12170. [9]MORAND S. (macro-) Evolutionary ecology of parasite diversity: from determinants of parasite species richness to host diversification[J]. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 2015, 4(1): 80-87. DOI:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.01.001. [10]RUSHMORE J, BISANZIO D, GILLESPIE T R. Making new connections: insights from primate-parasite networks[J]. Trends in Parasitology, 2017, 33(7): 547-560. DOI:10.1016/j.pt.2017.01.013. [11]CROSS P C, DREWE J, PATREK V, et al. Wildlife population structure and parasite transmission: implications for disease management[M]// DELAHAY R J, SMITH G C, HOTCHINGS M R. Management of Disease in Wild Mammals. Tokyo: Springer, 2009: 9-29. [12]APONTE V, LOCKE S A, GENTES M L, et al. Effect of habitat use and diet on the gastrointestinal parasite community of an avian omnivore from an urbanized environment[J]. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 2014, 92(7): 629-636. DOI:10.1139/cjz-2013-0268. [13]CHAPMAN C A, GILLESIPE T R, GOLDBERG T L. Primates and the ecology of their infectious diseases: How will anthropogenic change affect host-parasite interactions?[J]. Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News & Reviews, 2005, 14(4): 134-144. DOI:10.1002/evan.20068. [14]SCHMID-HEMPEL P. Parasites and their social hosts[J]. Trends in Parasitology, 2017, 33(6): 453-462. DOI:10.1016/j.pt.2017.01.003. [15]LANE-DEGRAAF K E, PUTRA I G A A, WANDIA I N, et al. Human behavior and opportunities for parasite transmission in communities surrounding long-tailed macaque populations in Bali, Indonesia[J]. American Journal of Primatology, 2014, 76(2): 159-167. DOI:10.1002/ajp.22218. [16]BARBOSA A D S, PINHEIRO J L, DOS SANTOS C R, et al. Gastrointestinal parasites in captive animals at the Rio de Janeiro Zoo[J]. Acta Parasitologica, 2020, 65(1): 237-249. DOI:10.2478/s11686-019-00145-6. [17]叶玭婧, 姚辉, 向左甫. 非人灵长类肠道寄生虫研究进展[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2013(12): 5384-5388. DOI:10.13989/j.cnki.0517-6611.2013.12.074. [18]ADRUS M, ZAINUDIN R, AHAMAD M, et al. Gastrointestinal parasites of zoonotic importance observed in the wild, urban, and captive populations of non-human primates in Malaysia[J]. Journal of Medical Primatology, 2019, 48(1): 22-31. DOI:10.1111/jmp.12389. [19]吕超超, 王岩, 宁长申, 等. 野生太行猕猴肠道寄生虫感染的初步调查[J]. 动物学杂志, 2009, 44(1): 74-79. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0250-3263.2009.01.011. [20]杨天友, 莫忠妹, 熊富玉, 等. 贵州麻阳河自然保护区黑叶猴肠道寄生虫初步调查[J]. 野生动物学报, 2021, 42(4): 1171-1176. [21]吴伟, 孙丙华, 王希, 等. 雄性短尾猴的等级顺位、睾酮水平与肠道寄生虫感染强度的关系[J]. 兽类学报, 2018, 38(5): 451-457. [22]LILLY A A, MEHLMAN P T, DORAN D. Intestinal parasites in Gorillas, Chimpanzees, and humans at Mondika research site, Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic[J]. International Journal of Primatology,2002,23(3): 555-573. DOI:10.1023/A:1014969617036. [23]PEDERSEN A B, DAVIES T J. Cross-species pathogen transmission and disease emergence in primates[J]. EcoHealth, 2009, 6(4): 496-508. DOI:10.1007/s10393-010-0284-3. [24]JONES B F, CAPPELLO M. Trematodes[M]// JOHNSON L R. Encyclopedia of Gastroenterology. New York: Academic Press, 2004: 523-526. [25]BRUNET J, PESSON B, CHERMETTE R, et al. First case of peritoneal cysticercosis in a non-human primate host (Macaca tonkeana) due to Taenia martis[J]. Parasites & Vectors, 2014, 7(1): 422. DOI:10.1186/1756-3305-7-422. [26]TAPPE D, BREHM K, FROSCH M, et al. Echinococcus multilocularis infection of several Old World monkey species in a breeding enclosure[J]. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2007, 77(3): 504-506. DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.77.504. [27]KAMEL A A, ABDEL-LATEF G K. Prevalence of intestinal parasites with molecular detection and identification of Giardia duodenalis in fecal samples of mammals, birds and zookeepers at Beni-Suef-Zoo, Egypt[J]. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2021, 45(3): 695-705. DOI:10.1007/s12639-020-01341-2. [28]MRAVCOVÖ K, TRKOLCOVÁ G, MUCHA R, et al. Zoonotic assemblages of Giardia duodenalis in captive non-human primates from the largest zoo in Slovakia[J]. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2021, 45(2): 302-305. DOI:10.1007/s12639-020-01324-3. [29]李家诚, 曹杰, 何国声, 等. 野生动物寄生虫的研究进展[J]. 中国兽医寄生虫病, 2007,15(5): 45-48. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6422.2007.05.013. [30]WACHTMAN L M, MANSFIELD K G. Opportunistic infections in immunologically compromised nonhuman primates[J]. ILAR Journal, 2008, 49(2): 191-208. DOI:10.1093/ilar.49.2.191. [31]PAFCO B, TEHLÖROVÖ Z, JIRKU POMAJBíKOVÖ K, et al. Gastrointestinal protists and helminths of habituated agile mangabeys (Cercocebus agilis) at Bai Hokou, Central African Republic[J]. American Journal of Primatology, 2018, 80(2): e22736. DOI:10.1002/ajp.22736. [32]潘卫庆, 张龙兴, 魏梅雄, 等. 寄生虫生物学研究与应用[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社,2007: 342. [33]谢明权, 李国清. 现代寄生虫学[M]. 广州: 广东科技出版社,2003: 564. [34]FRIANT S, ZIEGLER T E, GOLDBERG T L. Primate reinfection with gastrointestinal parasites: behavioural and physiological predictors of parasite acquisition[J]. Animal Behaviour, 2016, 117: 105-113. DOI:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.04.006. [35]KUMAR S, KUMARA H N, SANTHOSH K, et al. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus in central Western Ghats, India[J]. Primates, 2019, 60(6): 537-546. DOI:10.1007/s10329-019-00751-y. [36]ZANZANI S A, GAZZONIS A L, EPIS S, et al. Study of the gastrointestinal parasitic fauna of captive non-human primates (Macaca fascicularis)[J].Parasitology Research, 2016, 115(1): 307-312. DOI:10.1007/s00436-015-4748-9. [37]LARBI J A, AKYEAMPONG S, ABUBAKARI A, et al. Zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites of Baboons (Papio anubis) in the Shai Hill Reserve in Ghana[J]. BioMed Research International, 2020, 2020: 1083251. DOI:10.1155/2020/1083251. [38]王宏, 李鹤龄, 陈智岗, 等. 猕猴肠道寄生虫研究进展[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2021, 49(14): 1-3,7. [39]CHAPMAN C A, SPEIRS M L, GILLESPIE T R, et al. Life on the edge: gastrointestinal parasites from the forest edge and interior primate groups[J]. American Journal of Primatology, 2006, 68(4): 397-409. DOI:10.1002/ajp.20233. [40]GILLESPIE T R,CHAPMAN C A. Forest fragmentation, the decline of an endangered primate, and changes in host-parasite interactions relative to an unfragmented forest[J]. American Journal of Primatology, 2008, 70(3): 222-230. DOI:10.1002/ajp.20475. [41]BOUNDENGA L, MOUSSADJI C, MOMBO I M, et al. Diversity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in two wild Galago species in Gabon[J]. Infection Genetics and Evolution, 2018, 63: 249-256. DOI:10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.035. [42]ZHANG Q X,HAN S Y, LIU K S, et al. Occurrence of selected zoonotic fecal pathogens and first molecular identification of Hafnia paralvei in wild Taihangshan Macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis) in China[J]. Biomed Research International, 2019, 2019: 2494913. DOI:10.1155/2019/2494913. [43]HUSSAIN S, RAM M S, KUMAR A, et al. Human presence increases parasitic load in endangered lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) in its fragmented rainforest habitats in Southern India[J]. Plos One, 2013, 8(5): e63685. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0063685. [44]WEYHER A H, ROSS C, SEMPLE S. Gastrointestinal parasites in crop raiding and wild foraging Papio anubis in Nigeria[J]. International Journal of Primatology, 2006, 27(6): 1519-1534. DOI:10.1007/s10764-006-9089-1. [45]LI H L, LI Q, DONG L, et al. Prevalence of Balantidium coli infection in bred rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in Guangxi, southern China[J]. Iranian Journal of Parasitology, 2014, 9(1): 125-128. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-800099-1.00005-3. [46]BLERSCH R, BONNEL T R, BARRETT L, et al. Seasonal effects in gastrointestinal parasite prevalence, richness and intensity in vervet monkeys living in a semi-arid environment[J]. Journal of Zoology, 2021, 314(3):163-173. DOI:10.1111/jzo.12877. [47]张波, 叶玭婧, 卢浪, 等. 生态旅游对川金丝猴肠道寄生虫的影响[J]. 兽类学报, 2017, 37(1): 66-77. [48]KLAUS A, ZIMMERMANN E, ROPER K M, et al. Co-infection patterns of intestinal parasites in arboreal primates (proboscis monkeys, Nasalis larvatus) in Borneo[J]. International Journal for Parasitology. Parasites and Wildlife, 2017, 6(3): 320-329. DOI:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.09.005. [49]WEERASEKARA L,WIJESOORIYA K, RANAWANA K, et al. Gastrointestinal parasites of endemic and endangered free-ranging purple-faced leaf monkey (Semnopithecus vetulus) in Sri Lanka: effect of host group size and habitat type[J]. Primates, 2021, 62(4): 629-635. DOI:10.1007/s10329-021-00902-0. [50]MARTÍNEZ-MOTA D, POZO-MONTUY G, BONILLA SÖNCHEZ Y M, et al. Effects of anthropogenic stress on the presence of parasites in a threatened population of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra)[J]. Therya, 2018, 9(2): 161-169. DOI:10.12933/therya-18-572. [51]HABIG B, JANSEN D A W A M, AKINYI M Y, et al. Multi-scale predictors of parasite risk in wild male savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)[J]. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2019, 73(10): 134. DOI:10.1007/s00265-019-2748-y. [52]MACINTOSH A J J, HERNANDEZ A D, HUFFMAN M A. Host age, sex, and reproductive seasonality affect nematode parasitism in wild Japanese macaques[J]. Primates, 2010, 51(4): 353-364. DOI:10.1007/s10329-010-0211-9. [53]BALASUBRAMANIAM K N, BEISNER B A, HUBBARD J A, et al. Affiliation and disease risk: social networks mediate gut microbial transmission among rhesus macaques[J]. Animal Behaviour, 2019, 151: 131-143. DOI:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.03.009. [54]HOFMANN H A, BEERY A K, BLUMSTEIN D T, et al. An evolutionary framework for studying mechanisms of social behavior[J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2014, 29(10): 581-589. DOI:10.1016/j.tree.2014.07.008. [55]STOCKMAIER S, STROEYMEYT N, SHATTUCK E C, et al. Infectious diseases and social distancing in nature[J]. Science, 2021, 371(6533): eabc8881. DOI:10.1126/science.abc8881. [56]POULIN R, FILION A. Evolution of social behaviour in an infectious world: comparative analysis of social network structure versus parasite richness[J]. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2021, 75(7): 105. DOI:10.1007/s00265-021-03039-8. [57]RIMBACH R, BISANZIO D, GALVIS N, et al. Brown spider monkeys (Ateles hybridus): a model for differentiating the role of social networks and physical contact on parasite transmission dynamics[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 2015, 370(1669): 20140110. DOI:10.1098/rstb.2014.0110. [58]DUBOSCQ J, ROMANO V, SUEUR C, et al. Network centrality and seasonality interact to predict lice load in a social primate[J]. Scientific Reports 2016, 6(1): 22095. DOI:10.1038/srep22095. [59]MACLNTOSH A J J, JACOBS A, GARCIA C, et al. Monkeys in the middle: parasite transmission through the social network of a wild primate[J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(12): e51144. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0051144. [60]POULIN R. Modifcation of host social networks by manipulative parasites[J]. Behaviour, 2018, 155: 671-688. [61]GHAI R R, FUGÈRE V, CHAPMAN C A, et al. Sickness behaviour associated with non-lethal infections in wild primates[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 2015, 282(1814): 20151436. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2015.1436. [62]CHAPMAN C A, FRIANT S, GODFREY K, et al. Social behaviours and networks of vervet monkeys are influenced by gastrointestinal parasites[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(8): e0161113. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0161113. [63]MARCOGLIESE D J. Parasites: small players with crucial roles in the ecological theater [J]. EcoHealth, 2004, 1(2): 151-164. DOI:10.1007/s10393-004-0028-3. [64]SPRINGER A, KAPPELER P M. Intestinal parasite communities of six sympatric lemur species at Kirindy Forest, Madagascar[J]. Primate Biology, 2016, 3(2): 51-63. DOI:10.5194/pb-3-51-2016. [65]BELDOMENICO P M, BEGON M. Disease spread, susceptibility and infection intensity: vicious circles?[J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 2010, 25(1): 21-27. DOI:10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.015. [66]FORBES K M, MAPPES T, SIRONEN T, et al. Food limitation constrains host immune responses to nematode infections[J]. Biology Letters, 2016, 12(9): 20160471. DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0471. [67]EBERHARDT A T, COSTA S A, MARINI M R, et al. Parasitism and physiological trade-offs in stressed capybaras[J]. Plos One, 2013, 8(7): e70382. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0070382. [68]AGOSTINI I, VANDERHOEVEN E, DI BITETTI M S, et al. Experimental testing of reciprocal effects of nutrition and parasitism in wild black capuchin monkeys[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 12778. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-12803-8. [69]RESASCO J, BITTERS M E, CUNNINGHAM S A, et al. Experimental habitat fragmentation disrupts nematode infections in Australian skinks[J]. Ecology, 2019, 100(1): e02547. DOI:10.1002/ecy.2547. [70]PETKEVI Č S. The interaction between intestinal helminth infection and host nutrition. Review[J]. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika, 2007, 37(59): 53-60. [71]CLOUGH D, PRYKHODKO O, RÅBERG L. Effects of protein malnutrition on tolerance to helminth infection[J]. Biology Letters, 2016, 12(6): 20160189. DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0189. [72]VITONE N D, ALTIZER S, NUNN C L. Body size, diet and sociality influence the species richness of parasitic worms in anthropoid primates[J]. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2004, 6(2): 183-199. DOI:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01661.x. [73]CHAPMAN C A, WASSERMAN M D, GILLESPIE T R, et al. Do food availability, parasitism, and stress have synergistic effects on red colobus populations living in forest fragments?[J]. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 2006, 131(4): 525-534. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.20477. [74]李宗起, 钱雄, 赵西斌. 小儿肠道寄生虫感染对生长发育的影响分析[J].中国地方病防治杂志, 2019, 34(2): 236-237,240. [75]叶玭婧. 川金丝猴投食群与野生群秋冬季肠道寄生虫研究[D]. 长沙: 中南林业科技大学, 2013. [76]MAIZELS R M. Parasitic helminth infections and the control of human allergic and autoimmune disorders[J]. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2016, 22(6): 481-486. DOI:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.04.024. [77]MUEHLENBEIN M P,WATTS D P. The costs of dominance: testosterone, cortisol and intestinal parasites in wild male chimpanzees[J]. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 2010, 4(1): 21. DOI:10.1186/1751-0759-4-21. [78]吴阳, 任红玲, 徐珊珊, 等. 寄生虫感染与宿主细胞自噬相互作用研究进展[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 2020, 32(6): 654-656,660. DOI:10.16250/j.32.1374.2019241. [79]HUFFMAN M A, CATON J M. Self-induced increase of gut motility and the control of parasitic infections in wild chimpanzees[J]. International Journal of Primatology, 2001, 22(3): 329-346. DOI:10.1023/A:1010734310002. [80]CAZELLES-DURAND N, MALOUEKI U, RACHID L, et al. Première observation d’un comportement de Leaf Swallowing chez des chimpanzés vivant en captivité à la Réserve Africaine de Sigean, France[J]. Revue de Primatologie, 2020, 11:1. DOI:10.4000/primatologie.8231. [81]BARELLI C, HUFFMAN M A. Leaf swallowing and parasite expulsion in Khao Yai white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar), the first report in an Asian ape species[J]. American Journal of Primatology, 2017, 79(3): e22610. DOI:10.1002/ajp.22610. [82]SMITH R L, HAYES S E, SMITH P, et al. Sleeping site preferences in Sapajus cay Illiger 1815 (Primates: Cebidae) in a disturbed fragment of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest, Rancho Laguna Blanca, Eastern Paraguay[J]. Primates, 2018, 59(1): 79-88. DOI:10.1007/s10329-017-0626-7. [83]POIROTTE C, SARABIAN C, NGOUBANGOYE B, et al. Faecal avoidance differs between the sexes but not with nematode infection risk in mandrills[J]. Animal Behaviour, 2019, 149: 97-106. DOI:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.01.013. [84]SARABIAN C, NGOUBANGOYE B, MACINTOSH A J J. Divergent strategies in faeces avoidance between two cercopithecoid primates[J]. Royal Society Open Science, 2020, 7(3): 191861. DOI:10.1098/rsos.191861. [85]TASDEMIR D, MACLNTOSH A J J, STERGIOU P, et al. Antiprotozoal and antihelminthic properties of plants ingested by wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) in Yakushima Island[J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2020, 247: 112270. DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112270. [86]COUSINS D, HUFFMAN M A. Medicinal properties in the diet of gorillas: an ethno-pharmacological evaluation[J]. African Study Monographs, 2002, 23(2): 65-89. DOI:10.14989/68214. [87]王文琴, 刘述先. 不同宿主感染血吸虫后的自愈现象[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2003, 21(3): 179-182. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7423.2003.03.016. [88]CHAKRABORTY D, REDDY M, TIWARI S, et al. Land use change increases wildlife parasite diversity in Anamalai Hills, Western Ghats, India[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9(1): 11975. DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-48325-8. [89]ARROYO-RODRÍGUEZ V, DIAS P A D. Effects of habitat fragmentation and disturbance on howler monkeys: a review[J]. American Journal of Primatology, 2010, 72(1): 1-16. DOI:10.1002/ajp.20753. [90]VAN DYKE F. Conservation biology: foundations concepts applications[M]. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003: 413. [91]POULIN R. Best practice guidelines for studies of parasite community ecology[J]. Journal of Helminthology, 2019, 93(1): 8-11. DOI:10.1017/S0022149X18000767. [92]BARELLI C, GONZALEZ-ASTUDILLO V, MUNDRY R, et al. Correction: altitude and human disturbance are associated with helminth diversity in an endangered primate, Procolobus gordonorum[J]. PLoS One, 2021, 16(5): e0251617. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0225142. [93]ZHAO X M, REN B P, LI D Y, et al. Effects of habitat fragmentation and human disturbance on the population dynamics of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey from 1994 to 2016[J]. PeerJ, 2019, 7: e6633. DOI:10.7717/peerj.6633. [94]BLOOMFIELD L S P, MCINTOSH T L, LAMBIN E F. Habitat fragmentation, livelihood behaviors, and contact between people and nonhuman primates in Africa[J]. Landscape Ecology, 2020, 35(4): 985-1000. DOI:10.1007/s10980-020-00995-w. |
[1] | DONG Xiaoyan, LIANG Qiufang, FENG Ping. Drug Metabolism and Evolution of CYP2D Subfamily Genes in Primates [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2021, 39(3): 131-138. |
|