Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition) ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (5): 87-100.doi: 10.16088/j.issn.1001-6600.2026011901

• Intelligence Information Processing • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Negotiation dialogue generationby fusing graph attention networks and emotional feedback

Li Yanling1,2, Zhou Yaoqiang1,2, Li Jiecheng1,2, Luo Xudong1,2*   

  1. 1. Key Lab of Education Blockchain and Intelligent Technology, Mining of Education (Guangxi Normal University), Guilin Guangxi 541004, China;
    2. Guangxi Key Lab of Multi-source Information Mining & Security (Guangxi Normal University), Guilin Guangxi 541004, China
  • Received:2026-01-19 Revised:2026-03-22 Online:2026-09-05 Published:2026-07-24

Abstract: To address the challenges of difficult cross-turn strategy evolution, emotional tone mismatch, and strategy shifts in negotiation dialogue generation, a model integrating Graph Attention Networks and emotional feedback is proposed. In this model, BART is utilised to capture global contextual semantics, and deep structural priors are extracted by constructing a dynamic graph structure containing strategic techniques and dialogue behaviours, combined with multi-head graph attention and adaptive structure-aware pooling mechanisms. To resolve the alignment problem between semantics and strategic logic, structure-aware attention and gating mechanisms are adopted to achieve adaptive information fusion. Furthermore, gradient feedback generated from an emotion auxiliary task is innovatively utilised to globally calibrate the strategy graph representation, ensuring consistency between strategic decisions and the target emotional context. Based on experimental results on the CraigslistBargain dataset, superior performance over existing baseline models is demonstrated across all core metrics, with the BLEU (bilingual evaluation understudy) score reaching 19.74% and the RC-Acc(ratio class prediction accuracy) improving to 54.21% for the negotiation outcome. Finally, the effectiveness of the graph structure modelling and emotion calibration modules in enhancing negotiation logical coherence and emotional adaptability is further validated by ablation studies and human evaluations.

Key words: negotiation dialogue generation, emotion enhancement, BART, graph attention networks, strategy modeling

CLC Number:  TP391.1
[1] Zhan H L, Wang Y F, Li Z, et al. Let’s negotiate! a survey of negotiation dialogue systems[C]//Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EACL 2024. Stroudsburg, PA: ACL, 2024: 2019-2031. DOI: 10.18653/v1/2024.findings-eacl.136.
[2] 罗旭东, 黄俏娟, 詹捷宇. 自动谈判及其基于模糊集的模型综述[J]. 计算机科学, 2019, 46(12): 220-230. DOI: 10.11896/jsjkx.190800129.
[3] 杨帆, 饶元, 丁毅, 等. 面向任务型的对话系统研究进展[J]. 中文信息学报, 2021, 35(10): 1-20.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-0077.2021.10.001.
[4] Sun J T, Kou J Y, Hou W Y, et al. A multi-agent curiosity reward model for task-oriented dialogue systems[J]. Pattern Recognition, 2025, 157: 110884. DOI: 10.1016/j.patcog.2024.110884.
[5] Wu J, Harris I G, Zhao H Z. GraphMemDialog: optimizing end-to-end task-oriented dialog systems using graph memory networks[J]. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2022, 36(10): 11504-11512. DOI: 10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21403.
[6] Ding Z Y, Yang Z H, Luo L, et al. From retrieval to generation: a simple and unified generative model for end-to-end task-oriented dialogue[J]. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2024, 38(16): 17907-17914. DOI: 10.1609/aaai.v38i16.29745.
[7] Zhou Y H, He H, Black A W, et al. A dynamic strategy coach for effective negotiation[C]//Proceedings of the 20th Annual SIGdial Meeting on Discourse and Dialogue.Stroudsburg, PA: ACL, 2019: 367-378. DOI: 10.18653/v1/w19-5943.
[8] Sato M, Takagi T. Improved consistency in price negotiation dialogue system using parameterized action space with generative adversarial imitation learning[C]//2023 6th International Conference on Information and Computer Technologies (ICICT).Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2023: 188-197. DOI: 10.1109/ICICT58900.2023.00039.
[9] Joshi R, Balachandran V, Vashishth S, et al.DialoGraph: Incorporating interpretable strategy-graph networks into negotiation dialogues[PP/OL].arXiv(2021-06-02)[2026-01-19].https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.00920.
[10] Raut A, Saha S, Maitra A, et al. Sentiment aided graph attentive contextualization for task oriented negotiation dialogue generation[C]//Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing and the 3rd Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (volume 1: Long Papers).Stroudsburg, PA: ACL, 2023: 661-674. DOI: 10.18653/v1/2023.ijcnlp-main.44.
[11] Zhang J T, Luo X D, Xie X J. HCN-RLR-CAN: a novel human-computer negotiation model based on round-level recurrence and causal attention networks[J]. Knowledge-Based Systems, 2025, 314: 113180. DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2025.113180.
[12] Verma S, Fu J, Yang S, et al. CHAI: a CHatbot AI for task-oriented dialogue with offline reinforcement learning[C]//Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. Stroudsburg, PA: ACL, 2022: 4471-4491. DOI: 10.18653/v1/2022.naacl-main.332.
[13] Yang R Z, Chen J X, Narasimhan K. Improving dialog systems for negotiation with personality modeling[C]//Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (volume 1: Long Papers).Stroudsburg, PA: ACL, 2021: 681-693. DOI: 10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.56.
[14] 徐晖, 王中卿. 基于预训练模型的个性化对话生成[J]. 中文信息学报, 2025, 39(11): 130-137. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-0077.2025.11.015.
[15] Yang Y Y, Li Y H, Quan X J. UBAR: towards fully end-to-end task-oriented dialog system with GPT-2[J]. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2021, 35(16): 14230-14238. DOI: 10.1609/aaai.v35i16.17674.
[16] He W W, Dai Y P, Zheng Y H, et al. GALAXY: a generative pre-trained model for task-oriented dialog with semi-supervised learning and explicit policy injection[J]. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2022,36(10): 10749-10757. DOI: 10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21320.
[17] Su Y X, Shu L, Mansimov E, et al. Multi-task pre-training for plug-and-play task-oriented dialogue system[C]//Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (volume 1: Long Papers).Stroudsburg, PA: ACL, 2022: 4661-4676. DOI: 10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.319.
[18] 伍京华, 王凯欣. 基于Agent的综合信任评价的情感劝说模型[J]. 智能系统学报, 2021, 16(1): 117-124.
[19] Luo X D, Deng Z Q, Sun K L, et al. An emotion-aware human-computer negotiation model powered by pretrained language model[M]//Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024: 243-259. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-97-5501-1_19.
[20] Chawla K, Clever R, Ramirez J, et al. Towards emotion-aware agents for improved user satisfaction and partner perception in negotiation dialogues[J]. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, 2024, 15(2): 433-444. DOI: 10.1109/TAFFC.2023.3238007.
[21] Long Y B, Xu L M, Beckenbauer L, et al. EvoEmo: towards evolved emotional policies for adversarial LLM agents in multi-turn price negotiation[PP/OL]. V3. arXiv(2025-10-13)[2025-12-25].https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.04310.
[22] 毕忠勤, 张锴, 单美静, 等. 基于图神经网络的多源异构知识增强对话模型[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2024, 24(17): 7196-7204. DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2303521.
[23] 郝秀兰, 魏少华, 曹乾, 等. 基于语篇解析和图注意力网络的对话情绪识别[J]. 电信科学, 2024, 40(5): 100-111. DOI: 10.11959/j.issn.1000-0801.2024149.
[24] 朱永梦, 詹卫华. 超图驱动的多源知识融合情感对话生成方法[J]. 计算机应用研究, 2026, 43(3): 851-857. DOI: 10.19734/j.issn.1001-3695.2025.06.0215.
[25] Zhu S Z, Sun J, Nian Y, et al. The automated but risky game: modeling agent-to-agent negotiations and transactions in consumer markets[C]//Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2025.Stroudsburg, PA: ACL, 2025: 16-16. DOI: 10.18653/v1/2025.nllp-1.2.
[26] Vrahatis A G, Lazaros K, Kotsiantis S. Graph attention networks: a comprehensive review of methods and applications[J]. Future Internet, 2024, 16(9): 318. DOI: 10.3390/fi16090318.
[27] Ranjan E, Sanyal S, Talukdar P. ASAP: adaptive structure aware pooling for learning hierarchical graph representations[J]. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2020, 34(4): 5470-5477. DOI: 10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5997.
[28] 宫丽娜, 周易人, 乔羽, 等. 预训练模型在软件工程领域应用研究进展[J]. 软件学报, 2025, 36(1): 1-26. DOI: 10.13328/j.cnki.jos.007143.
[29] 郝雅茹, 董力, 许可, 等. 预训练语言模型的可解释性研究进展[J]. 广西师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2022, 40(5): 59-71. DOI: 10.16088/j.issn.1001-6600.2022030802.
[30] 李文博, 董青, 刘超, 等. 基于对比学习的儿科问诊对话细粒度意图识别[J]. 广西师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2024, 42(4): 1-10. DOI: 10.16088/j.issn.1001-6600.2023111304.
[31] 刘雪洋, 李卫军, 刘世侠, 等. 基于图神经网络的知识推理方法研究综述[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2025, 61(10): 50-65.
[32] Wu L F, Cui P, Pei J, et al. Graph neural networks: foundation, frontiers and applications[C]//Proceedings of the 28th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining.New York, NY:ACM, 2022: 4840-4841. DOI: 10.1145/3534678.3542609.
[33] Ghosal D, Majumder N, Poria S, et al. DialogueGCN: a graph convolutional neural network for emotion recognition in conversation[C]//Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). Stroudsburg, PA: ACL, 2019: 154-164. DOI: 10.18653/v1/d19-1015.
[34] Çakan U, Keskin M O, Aydoğan R. Effects of agent’s embodiment in human-agent negotiations[C]//Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents.New York, NY:ACM, 2023: 1-8. DOI: 10.1145/3570945.3607362.
[35] Keskin M O, Çakan U, Aydoğan R. An adaptive emotion-aware strategy for human-agent negotiation: insights from real-world human-robot experiments[C]//Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents.New York, NY: ACM, 2025: 1-9. DOI: 10.1145/3717511.3747087.
[36] He H, Chen D, Balakrishnan A, et al. Decoupling strategy and generation in negotiation dialogues[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Stroudsburg, PA:ACL, 2018: 2333-2343. DOI: 10.18653/v1/d18-1256.
[37] Lewis M, Liu Y H, Goyal N, et al. BART: denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension[C]//Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg, PA: ACL, 2020: 7871-7880. DOI: 10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.703.
[1] SHI Zihao, MENG Zuqiang, TAN Chaohong. A Detection Model for Multimodal Fake News Based on Attention Mechanism and Multiscale Fusion [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 44(1): 68-79.
[2] HUANG Qi, LI Bixin, WANG Mingwen, XIAO Cong, LIU Jing, LOU Wenbing. Fake News Detection with Integrated Emotional Knowledge [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 44(1): 80-90.
[3] WANG Xuyang, MA Jin. Cross-modal Feature Enhancement and Hierarchical MLP Communication for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 44(1): 91-101.
[4] LUO Zengli, ZHANG Canlong, LI Zhixin, WANG Zhiwen, WEI Chunrong. Cross-modal Semantic Collaborative Learning for Text-based Person Re-identification [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2025, 43(5): 145-157.
[5] HE Ankang, CHEN Yanping, HU Ying, HUANG Ruizhang, QIN Yongbin. Fusing Boundary Interaction Information for Named Entity Recognition [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2025, 43(3): 1-11.
[6] LU Zhanyue, CHEN Yanping, YANG Weizhe, HUANG Ruizhang, QIN Yongbin. Relational Extraction Method Based on Mask Attention and Multi-feature Convolutional Networks [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2025, 43(3): 12-22.
[7] QI Dandan, WANG Changzheng, GUO Shaoru, YAN Zhichao, HU Zhiwei, SU Xuefeng, MA Boxiang, LI Shizhao, LI Ru. Topic-based Multi-view Entity Representation for Zero-Shot Entity Retrieval [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2025, 43(3): 23-34.
[8] ZHANG Lijie, WANG Shaoqing, ZHANG Yao, SUN Fuzhen. Multi-level Attention Networks and Hierarchical Contrastive Learning for Social Recommendation [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2025, 43(2): 133-148.
[9] CHEN Peng, TAI Bin, SHI Ying, JIN Yang, KONG Li, XU Ruiwen, WANG Jinfeng. Research on Power Equipment Defect Question Answering System Based on Knowledge Graph [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2024, 42(6): 149-163.
[10] LI Xiangli, MEI Jianping, MO Yuanjian. Adaptive Semi-supervised Multi-view Clustering Based on Hypergraph Regular NMF [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2024, 42(4): 137-152.
[11] WANG Tianyu, YUAN Jiawei, QI Rui, LI Yang. Multi-type Knowledge-Enhanced Microblog Stance Detection Model [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2024, 42(1): 79-90.
[12] SUN Xu, SHEN Bin, YAN Xin, ZHANG Jinpeng, XU Guangyi. Microblog Opinion Summarization Method Based on Transformer and TextRank [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2023, 41(4): 96-108.
[13] PAN Haiming, CHEN Qingfeng, QIU Jie, HE Naixu, LIU Chunyu, DU Xiaojing. Multi-hop Knowledge Graph Question Answering Based on Convolution Reasoning [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2023, 41(1): 102-112.
[14] HAO Yaru, DONG Li, XU Ke, LI Xianxian. Interpretability of Pre-trained Language Models: A Survey [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2022, 40(5): 59-71.
[15] CHAO Rui, ZHANG Kunli, WANG Jiajia, HU Bin, ZHANG Weicong, HAN Yingjie, ZAN Hongying. Construction of Chinese Multimodal Knowledge Base [J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2022, 40(3): 31-39.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
[1] Tang Chenghua, Yi Jianbing, Wu Xin, Xiong Wenwu, Wang Jingyong. A review of cross-domain few-shot image semantic segmentation methods[J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 44(4): 1 -27 .
[2] Tian Sheng, Xie Hualin, Chen Dong. Energy management strategy for fuel cell vehicles based on improved deep reinforcement learning[J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 44(4): 28 -45 .
[3] Zhang Xu, Liu Didi. Intelligent charging/discharging scheduling strategy for electric vehicles based on TD3 algorithm[J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 44(4): 46 -55 .
[4] Yan Yuanyang, Xie Lirong, Zhang Longjun, Ren Juan, Huang Chenchen, Hu Chao. Ultra-short-term wind power prediction model based on multi-objective optimization[J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 44(4): 56 -70 .
[5] Lü Hui, Su Jing, Xiong Feng, Zhang Duanyu, Chang Wenhan, Wang Can, Ma Hui. Bi-level coordinated optimization scheduling method for microgrid clusters based on improved SAC algorithm[J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 44(5): 1 -15 .
[6] Yang Zhen, Tang Yue, Geng Zhaojie, Yin Xu, Huang Yong. Giant magnetoimpedance biosensor based on composite amorphous wire for sensitive detection of cTnI[J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 44(5): 16 -26 .
[7] Tian Peiyi, Jiang Pinqun, Song Shuxiang, Xia Haiying, Cai Chaobo. High-efficiency and fast-stabilizing boost charge pump controlled by multi-phase clock[J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 44(5): 27 -37 .
[8] Chen Geng, Song Shuxiang, Jiang Pinqun, Cai Chaobo. Design of 12 bit 100 MS/s successive approximation analog-to-digital converter[J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 44(5): 38 -48 .
[9] Suo Guidong, Lu Zhimin, Li Zili. EMD-YOLO: a PCB defect detection model based on improved YOLO11n[J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 44(5): 49 -62 .
[10] Hu Zhiqiang, Lü Xiaoqi, Gu Yu. Skin lesion segmentation model based on improved Mamba local feature acquisition[J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2026, 44(5): 63 -74 .