中药药性中“苦味”形成机制及生物学意义

doi:10.16088/j.issn.1001-6600.2021100801

摘要/Abstract

摘要： “苦”是一种常见的味觉感受,也是中药药性的主要特征;“苦味”作为中药药性“五味”之一,是对中药药物功效和作用规律的高度概括;苦药“能泻、能燥、能坚”,具有“泄火、降气、燥湿和坚阴”等作用;苦味中药占比较高,传统中药理论认为苦味成分就是苦味中药的活性成分,这些成分主要包括生物碱、苷类和苦味质等;感受苦味的受体分子分布在味蕾、肠道和呼吸道等组织器官中。本文综述苦味中药的活性物质成分、苦味分级、苦味产生的机制、苦味与疾病之间的关系和苦味的生物学意义等,期望它能对中药药性的研究和苦味中药的临床应用提供参考。

关键词: 苦味, 中药药性, 苦味受体, 苦药功能, 苦的生物意义

Abstract: “Bitterness” is a common sense of taste, and is also the main characteristic of the property of traditional Chinese medicine. Bitterness is one of the “five flavors” in the property of traditional Chinese medicine, which is a high overview of the efficacy and the law of action of traditional Chinese medicines. Bitter drugs have the characteristics of “diarrhea, dryness and firmness”, and the functions of “purging fire, lowering qi, drying dampness and strengthening yin”. Bitter medicine accounts for a high proportion of traditional Chinese medicine. In the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, bitter ingredients are considered to be the active components of bitter traditional Chinese medicine, which mainly include alkaloids, glycosides and bitter substances. The receptor molecules of bitter sensory are distributed in taste buds, intestines, respiratory tract and other tissues or organs. This paper summarized the active substances, bitterness classification, bitterness formation mechanism, the relationship between bitterness and disease, and the biological significance of bitterness in traditional Chinese bitter medicine. It is expected to provide reference for the study of the properties of traditional Chinese medicine and the clinical application of traditional Chinese bitter medicine.

Key words: bitterness, traditional chinese medicine properties, bitter receptor, bitter drug function, biological significance of bitter

中图分类号:

R285.1

吕佳桦, 朱婵, 唐宗湘. 中药药性中“苦味”形成机制及生物学意义[J]. 广西师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2022, 40(5): 324-331.

LÜ Jiahua, ZHU Chan, TANG Zongxiang. Formation Mechanism and Biological Significance of Bitterness in Traditional Chinese Medicine[J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2022, 40(5): 324-331.

参考文献

[1]廉秀云, 吴运玲, 冯惠善. 浅谈苦味药的药性特征及其配伍作用[J]. 黑龙江中医药, 1999(1): 52-53.
[2]张璞, 张耀, 桂新景, 等. 基于经典人群口尝法和电子舌法的中药饮片水煎液苦度叠加规律研究[J]. 中草药, 2021, 52(3): 653-668.
[3]何飞武. 基于数据挖掘的苦味药在经方中的应用研究[D]. 北京:北京中医药大学, 2017.
[4]严永清, 吴建新. 药物的苦味与归经、作用及化学成分的关系[J]. 现代应用药学, 1987(5): 12-15.
[5]付琳, 付强, 李冀, 等. 黄连化学成分及药理作用研究进展[J]. 中医药学报, 2021, 49(2): 87-92.
[6]耿笑. 苦参碱参与止痒的机制研究[D]. 南京:南京中医药大学, 2018.
[7]姚雪, 程云霞, 陈龙, 等. 黄芩化学成分的研究[J]. 中成药, 2020, 42(11): 2935-2940.
[8]周新新, 崔悦, 朱鹤云, 等. 栀子的化学成分、药理作用及提取工艺的研究进展[J]. 吉林医药学院学报, 2021, 42(5): 374-376.
[9]屠呦呦, 倪慕云, 钟裕容, 等. 中药青蒿化学成分的研究Ⅰ[J]. 科技导报, 2015, 33(20): 124-126.
[10]盖晓红, 刘素香, 任涛, 等. 黄连的化学成分及药理作用研究进展[J]. 中草药, 2018,49(20):4919-4927.
[11]苏佳昇, 李晓霞, 蒋雅娴, 等. 苦参化学成分与药理作用研究进展[J]. 湖北农业科学, 2021,60(1):5-9.
[12]张艳丽, 王聪, 朱雷蕾, 等. 黄芩苷药理作用研究进展[J]. 河南中医, 2019,39(9):1450-1454.
[13]田婧卓, 梁爱华, 易艳, 等. 栀子及其复方栀子豉汤长期用药潜在安全风险研究及建议[J]. 中国食品药品监管, 2018(10):25-34.
[14]张小波, 郭兰萍, 黄璐琦. 我国黄花蒿中青蒿素含量的气候适宜性等级划分[J]. 药学学报, 2011,46(4):472-478.
[15]吕翠婷, 黎海彬, 李续娥, 等. 中药决明子的研究进展[J]. 食品科技, 2006(8):295-298.
[16]TÖLE J C, BEHRENS M, MEYERHOF W. Taste receptor function[J]. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2019, 164: 173-185. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-444-63855-7.00011-3.
[17]MEYERHOF W, BATRAM C, KUHN C, et al. The molecular receptive ranges of human TAS2R bitter taste receptors[J]. Chemical Senses, 2010, 35(2): 157-170. DOI:10.1093/chemse/bjp092.
[18]REICHLING C, MEYERHOF W, BEHRENS M. Functions of human bitter taste receptors depend on N-glycosylation[J]. Journal of Neurochemistry, 2008, 106(3): 1138-1148. DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05453.x.
[19]YE Z, DAMGAARD J, YANG H H, et al. Phylogeny and diversification of the true water bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)[J]. Cladistics, 2020, 36(1):72-87. DOI:10.1111/cla.12383.
[20]WU S V, CHEN M C, ROZENGURT E. Genomic organization, expression, and function of bitter taste receptors (T2R) in mouse and rat[J]. Physiological Genomics, 2005, 22(2): 139-149. DOI:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00030.2005.
[21]KINNAMON S C, FINGER T E. Recent advances in taste transduction and signaling[J]. F1000Research, 2019, 8: 2117. DOI:10.12688/f1000research.21099.1.
[22]FOX A L. The relationship between chemical constitution and taste[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1932, 18(1): 115-120. DOI:10.1073/pnas.18.1.115.
[23]MURRAY R G. The mammalian taste bud type III cell: a critical analysis[J]. Journal of Ultrastructure and Molecular Structure Research, 1986, 95(1/2/3): 175-188. DOI:10.1016/0889-1605(86)90039-x.
[24]WU S V, ROZENGURT N, YANG M, et al. Expression of bitter taste receptors of the T2R family in the gastrointestinal tract and enteroendocrine STC-1 cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2002, 99(4): 2392-2397. DOI:10.1073/pnas.042617699.
[25]LUO X C, CHEN Z H, XUE J B, et al. Infection by the parasitic helminth Trichinella spiralis activates a Tas2r-mediated signaling pathway in intestinal tuft cells[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019, 116(12): 5564-5569. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1812901116.
[26]WIDMAYER P, PARTSCH V, POSPIECH J, et al. Distinct cell types with the bitter receptor Tas2r126 in different compartments of the stomach[J]. Frontiers in Physiology, 2020, 11: 32. DOI:10.3389/fphys.2020.00032.
[27]BARREA L, ANNUNZIATA G, MUSCOGIURI G, et al. Could hop-derived bitter compounds improve glucose homeostasis by stimulating the secretion of GLP-1?[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2019, 59(3): 528-535. DOI:10.1080/10408398.2017.1378168.
[28]CONAWAY S Jr, NAYAK A P, DESHPANDE D A. Therapeutic potential and challenges of bitter taste receptors on lung cells[J]. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 2020, 51: 43-49. DOI:10.1016/j.coph.2020.07.004.
[29]SINGH N, VRONTAKIS M, PARKINSON F, et al. Functional bitter taste receptors are expressed in brain cells[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2011, 406(1): 146-151. DOI:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.016.
[30]GOVERNINI L, SEMPLICI B, PAVONE V, et al. Expression of taste receptor 2 subtypes in human testis and sperm[J]. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2020, 9(1):264. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010264.
[31]BLOXHAM C J, FOSTER S R, THOMAS W G. A bitter taste in your heart[J]. Frontiers in Physiology, 2020, 11: 431. DOI:10.3389/fphys.2020.00431.
[32]EKOFF M, CHOI J H, JAMES A, et al. Bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) agonists inhibit IgE-dependent mast cell activation[J]. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2014, 134(2): 475-478. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.02.029.
[33]MEIXIONG J, VASAVDA C, GREEN D, et al. Identification of a bilirubin receptor that may mediate a component of cholestatic itch[J]. Elife, 2019, 8: e44116. DOI:10.7554/eLife.44116.
[34]CHEN X K, GABITTO M, PENG Y Q, et al. A gustotopic map of taste qualities in the mammalian brain[J]. Science, 2011, 333(6047): 1262-1266. DOI:10.1126/science.1204076.
[35]JIN H, FISHMAN Z H, YE M, et al. Top-down control of sweet and bitter taste in the mammalian brain[J]. Cell, 2021, 184(1): 257-271. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.014.
[36]PUGNALONI S, ALIA S, MANCINI M, et al. A study on the relationship between type 2 diabetes and taste function in patients with good glycemic control[J]. Nutrients, 2020, 12(4):1112. DOI:10.3390/nu12041112.
[37]LE GLÉAU L, ROUAULT C, OSINSKI C, et al. Intestinal alteration of α-gustducin and sweet taste signaling pathway in metabolic diseases is partly rescued after weight loss and diabetes remission[J]. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2021, 321(3): E417-E432. DOI:10.1152/ajpendo.00071.2021.
[38]SONG W J, HUI C K M, HULL J H, et al. Confronting COVID-19-associated cough and the post-COVID syndrome: role of viral neurotropism, neuroinflammation, and neuroimmune responses[J]. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2021, 9(5): 533-544. DOI:10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00125-9.
[39]KELLER K L, REID A, MacDOUGALL M C, et al. Sex differences in the effects of inherited bitter thiourea sensitivity on body weight in 4-6-year-old children[J]. Obesity, 2010, 18(6): 1194-1200. DOI:10.1038/oby.2009.306.
[40]WANG Q L, LISZT K I, DELOOSE E, et al. Obesity alters adrenergic and chemosensory signaling pathways that regulate ghrelin secretion in the human gut[J]. FASEB Journal, 2019, 33(4): 4907-4920. DOI:10.1096/fj.201801661RR.
[41]JERUZAL-SWIATECKAJ J, FENDLER W, PIETRUSZEWSKA W. Clinical role of extraoral bitter taste receptors[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020, 21(14):5156. DOI:10.3390/ijms21145156.
[42]ADAPPA N D, FARQUHAR D, PALMER J N, et al. TAS2R38 genotype predicts surgical outcome in nonpolypoid chronic rhinosinusitis[J]. Interational Forum of Allergy and Rhinology, 2016, 6(1): 25-33. DOI:10.1002/alr.21666.
[43]ZEHENTNER S, REINER A T, GRIMM C, et al. The role of bitter taste receptors in cancer: a systematic review[J]. Cancers, 2021, 13(23): 5891. DOI:10.3390/cancers13235891.
[44]QIN C L, QIN Z, ZHAO D X, et al. A bioinspired in vitro bioelectronic tongue with human T2R38 receptor for high-specificity detection of N—CS-containing compounds[J]. Talanta, 2019, 199: 131-139. DOI:10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.021.
[45]UI D P, COLLURA N, WALSH D. Complete oral nutritional supplements: dietitian preferences and clinical practice[J]. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2019, 16(1): 40-50. DOI:10.1080/19390211.2018.1428260.

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed